The purpose of this study is to analyze the accumulation and distribution of stress across fault planes using an analytical model based on the reflection of the detector spectrum on the roughness of the fault surfaces during the failure. Fault Modeling is based on asperities making half-spaces separated from each other. This model considers mechanical interaction between contact points and, therefore, can provide a physical explanation of how to redistribute stress at fail time at a locked fault plane. For a boundary condition, a certain displacement, normal and shear forces are calculated at contact points and compared to the failure criterion. If one or more locked surfaces of the fault do not work, the stresses are recalculated. The stress redistribution that is caused by the failure may cause other locked surfaces to fail. This process continues to achieve a stable state or complete failure of entire fault plane for analysis with detector spectrum. The distribution of stresses as well as the onset and progress of failures depend on the contact geometry and roughness.

Introduction: The use of abdominal zippers for temporary abdominal closure was devised to facilitate repeated explorations, allowing multiple cleansing of the peritoneal cavity and the detection and management of septic complications. In our study, an open abdomen using a sterile zip in a patient with gangrenous bowels and reanastomosis derived infection is reported.Case report: In this study a patient with a history of appendectomy one year before referral (had referred to the physician with a one month complaint of abdominal pain) is presented. The patient underwent laparatomy twice. Most of his small intestine was resected due to the gangrene and primary anastomosis was performed. Finally after three days, the patient underwent multiple cleansing of the abdominal cavity following purulent discharge from the incision, acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis with diagnosis of discharge from the site of anastomosis. Zipper locked method was used for temporary closure of abdomen wall in order to facilitate multiple access of abdominal cavity. Finally, abdominal wall was closed constantly.Conclusion: Temporary closure of the abdomen by means of devices such as zip gives the opportunity of rapid, easy and safe assessment, management and treatment of these patients to the surgeons.

OBJECTIVE: The cervical vertebrae are the most mobile segments of the vertebral spine. Since there are few supportive structures in our bodies, this part is more susceptible to traumatic injury. One of the most common injuries is facet fracture and dislocation that may be uni/bilateral. Primary treatment is a closed reduction with skull traction. In some cases the facets are locked and it is impossible to treat even with maximal closed traction. Open reduction by surgical intervention is a suitable way for treatment. METHODS: This retrospective study was done on patients with trauma of vertebral spine referred to emergency center during three years. This survey was done on 274 patients with trauma of cervical spine and 19 patients with locked facet syndrome. FINDINGS: From 19 patients, 12 were male and 7 were female. Falling from a high place was the most common cause of injury. It happened more in second and third decade of their life. The most common manifestation was neck pain. 12 patients had no neurological deficit, 4 patients had incomplete neurological deficit and 3 had completed neurological deficit. CONCLUSION: Different methods such as interspinous wiring, interfacet wiring and lateral mass plating were used for treatment.

In this paper, based on the rate equations model for injection locked semiconductor ring laser, new equations are developed for modelling the detuning frequency and direct modulation response of the slave laser as well as the amplitude and phase modulation response of the master laser. Results show that by increasing the injection power of the master laser, the dynamic characteristics of the slave laser are improved consequently, locking area range, relaxation oscillation frequency and slave laser direct modulation bandwidth as well as field amplitude and phase of the master laser are enhanced by comparing the result of different modulation schemes. It is observed that master phase modulation configuration provides the largest bandwidth while the output response is considered amplitude of the slave laser (80 times of the slave laser direct modulation frequency response).